Why I Prefer Civil Engineering - 681 Words

I first started preparing myself for a career in architecture but later I realized that civil engineering was a more practical choice for me. After successfully entering the college of my choice for my undergraduate studies in civil engineering I realized that it was the perfect option. Civil engineering as I believe is the only field where one’s work can be seen and felt directly by the senses and anything done stays forever to the credit and it illustrates a magic power in effecting radical social and economic changes. Precisely this magic power fascinated me to take civil engineering as my scientific discipline. In this ever-changing world of Engineering and Technology, where each new day sees a spate of new concepts and applications and each passing day makes them obsolete, I want to attain the highest level of education and transcend new horizons in the chosen field. The vast application potential and tremendous scope for high career in civil engineering fascinated me and I am keen to continue my academic pursuit in this field. The undergraduate curriculum in Civil Engineering at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad introduced me to a wide gamut of subjects, both in and outside the field. Various courses like Strength of Materials, Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures, Concrete Technology, Design of Steel Structures and Structural Analysis have provided me with a strong footing in the theoretical concepts of Civil Engineering. It was the field ofShow MoreRelatedWhy I Want For An Engineer1171 Words   |  5 PagesWhy I Want to be an Engineer Engineering has been of particular interest to me since I was an underclassman in high school. During sophomore year in high school, I participated in a program sponsored by the boy scouts of America called an engineering explorer post. 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Inclusionary Practices In The Science Classroom Education Essay Free Essays

Inclusionary patterns are those which involve pupils with or without disablements. Students who are physically or mentally impaired are given more attending, but they are taught in the same environment as that of the normal pupils. In order to manage such a group of pupils, teamwork is compulsory. We will write a custom essay sample on Inclusionary Practices In The Science Classroom Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now A squad of decision makers, regular schoolroom instructors, physical instructors, particular instructors, physical and occupational healers, etc is required ( Meieran, – ) . There are two sorts of inclusion. Regular inclusion- is one where the particular pupils go in the schoolroom of general pupils. There they are given extra aid and particular direction in the schoolroom. Full inclusion is one where there is no segregation between general and particular pupils, and they work together ( Hub Pages ) . Experiences Richard Lange, is a talented expert, and he talks about his experience and about the international talented plans. He talks about his visit to Taipei, Taiwan, where he saw that these pupils had to take extended strict arrangement trials in order to acquire them admitted in these schools. These schools have big focal point on scientific discipline and research lab experiments at an early age. Cultivation of Inclusive Practices in Schools When inclusive patterns are cultivated in schools, the school faculty members must do certain that the instructors they hire have a focal point on handicapped pupils beyond that they have on normal pupils. The manner instructions are given is an of import factor, as it can function as solid foundation for inclusive schoolroom ( Dukes A ; Dukes ) However, there are a batch of challenges that comes across in inclusive schoolrooms. The instructor has to be more inclusive and identify challenges by supplying practical activities, thoughts and attacks ( Inclusive Science ) . One obstruction which everyone comes across is the common attitude of instructors. It has been observed that the attitude of general pupil instructors is different towards the handicapped pupils. Their thought of inclusion and acceptableness differs in regard to the two types. This finally leads to a creative activity of ‘yours non mine ‘ kind of an hostile environment between both the pupils and the staff. A 2nd obstruction is that most of the clip the leaders are unable to acknowledge the demands of the inclusive schoolrooms, and hence, due to this deficiency of support from the staff and decision makers, success is improbable ( Green ) . Importance of Science Science has been considered as the most valuable topic to be taught to the handicapped pupils. Largely general pupil instructors have developing refering to learning pupils with disablements. Particular pupil instructors have had preparation in learning the scientific discipline topics. After the jurisprudence which stated that every kid has a right to achieve instruction was passed, budgets were allocated for the support of instruction of these particular childs. But a job came along with this credence. The scientific discipline instructors were non efficient plenty to convey the cognition to particular pupils, as they were small trained to cover with handicapped pupils, and in general, particular pedagogues had small or no exposure to scientific discipline. Therefore the cognition which the pupils receive is largely that from the text books. And nil beyond the text edition cognition could be explained to the particular pupils. It was observed that the instruction towards scientific discipline was non taken that earnestly. Patton, Polloway and Cranon in a study of particular instruction instructors found that 42 % of particular instruction instructors received no preparation in scientific discipline, 38 % of ego contained kids in particular instruction categories did non have any scientific discipline preparation. In the study further it was found that particular pedagogues spent merely 60 proceedingss in one hebdomad to scientific discipline, and 90 % of the instructors were dependent on the cognition which was available in the text edition. Therefore this shows that there was no existent practical deduction. Another flooring observation revealed that pupils with mild disablements on an norm of 200 proceedingss of text edition cognition received 1 minute of scientific discipline direction ( Norman, Casseu, A ; Stefanich, 1995 ) . Science has become a general focal point for primary instruction. It is non necessary that scientific discipline is merely available to those who already have an chance and those who have received encouragement to prosecute it. It is besides made available to adult females and misss, all racial and cultural groups, physically and educationally challenged, etc. However pupils with disablements who are prosecuting their callings in scientific discipline frequently face a figure of barriers. These barriers include historical, attitudinal, institutional, physical, and curricular barriers. A undertaking by the name of Creating Laboratory Access for Science Students ( CLASS ) has been initiated in order to fix pedagogues for inclusive schoolrooms. They even teach them the methods of extinguishing the barriers ( Kirch, Bargerhuff, Turner, A ; Wheatly ) . The whole construct behind Class inclusions came into being after the authorization ‘No kid left behind ‘ was passed. This authorization talked about kids equality retrospect to education. Out of the seven attacks, Friend and Cooke talked about five of them. Co instruction is coaction between the general instructors and the particular instructors. Increase in instructional options should be one of the ends of the instructors. Apart from this, the engagement and public presentation of these pupils should be enhanced. There are a figure of ways of carbon monoxide instruction. In the first attack the instructor will be responsible for learning while the other circulated throughout the room supplying support. In the 2nd attack, the instructor divides the pupils and content into groups, and so they split the clip every bit between each group. Parallel instruction is the 3rd attack. In this attack the category is divided, and so the instructor teaches each group the same conten t. The 4th attack is known as the alternate attack. In this type the category is divided into two groups. One big and one little, and each teacher instruct one of the groups. The smaller group is normally the one which requires most of the attending. Elementary instructors had a more positive attitude towards co learning instead than secondary instructors. Co instruction is fundamentally a partnership between two instructors, one particular instruction and one regular instruction. Elementary instructors would most likely to pass half a twenty-four hours or so with the particular instructors. Whereas, the secondary instructors would prefer to pass a period or two merely. Classroom direction is an of import issue. If the instructors plan their course of study and learning techniques in a advanced, so they would ne’er hold an issue pull offing a category. Plus the pupils will acquire to larn more from the instructors. Advantages/Disadvantages of Co Teaching There are a figure of advantages and disadvantages of carbon monoxide instruction. Students in carbon monoxide instruction categories get the attending of two instructors at the same clip. In this manner the pupils could easy be handled, in add-on to this the pupils get to larn more and they can pull more attending. Another advantage for the handicapped pupils is that they no longer are labeled as analyzing in handicapped schools, since they are analyzing with the normal pupils. However particular instructors showed concerns about the big sized schoolrooms. They believed that frequently instructors do n’t acquire sufficient clip to function for handicapped pupils because of the figure of pupils in one category. Therefore they were non in favour of big category suites, alternatively they preferred smaller 1s ( Joe, Dowdy, A ; Nichols ) . Qualitative Research There was a qualitative research carried out of two handicapped. Melinda and Philips were both in the same category, and at the ages of 15 ( Melinda ) and 16 ( Philips ) they were diagnosed with cognitive disablements. When the two of them turned 35, co by the way they met and it was found that they were having support through the Medicaid Waiver. The two of them were asked to take part in a research that was taking topographic point. The research was about the participant ‘s educational and personal experiences at that clip, the participant ‘s lives instantly after go forthing the schools, and the participant ‘s current lives. During twelvemonth one of the survey, when the participants were of 15 and 16 old ages of age, the two of them were placed in ego contained particular instruction category. Melinda ‘s records shows that after the first twelvemonth, she was included in the general instruction categories. Prince philips on the other manus was observed to stay in self-contained particular instruction categories for the remaining of his educational calling which was at the age of 22. Over the clip interviews were conducted with the participant ‘s parents and themselves in order to find any alterations in the personal differences and public presentation degrees. The surveies fundamentally shows that during twelvemonth one, Melinda was regressing academically and she showed marks of being riotous in unintegrated schoolrooms. Prince philips on the other manus was non being riotous in unintegrated schoolrooms, he was demoing marks of adulthood and he seemed to take part volitionally in activities that require functional faculty members. After go outing school Melinda was seen to make better in high schools, she prefers working independently, and her marks of growing were increasing. Prince philips on the other manus is seen to lose ego assurance. He was regressing academically, and was loath to interact with others. He had a fright of doing errors and non making things absolutely. When the research workers met Melinda 4 old ages after maturity, when she was populating, they found out that she lived entirely in her flat, had an extended natural support web, and used get bying schemes to help with processing troubles. Whereas in instance of Phili ps, he lived in his parents ‘ house, had lost several occupations and was presently working at a sheltered workshop for items, and had many troubles in the community. After 8 old ages of life as an grownup, it was observed that Melinda got married for an twelvemonth. She was married to Philip, and the two of them shared an flat. She had expanded her natural support web and was self assured of everything she did. Philips on the other manus had a portion clip occupation in the community, he approached advocators when in troubles, and he requires frequent confidences because he is dying with people around. Therefore the findings show that particular instruction in inclusive general instruction scenes may take to better results for pupils with disablements ( Ryndak, Ward, A ; Alper, 2010 ) . Decision I personally am in a complete favour of inclusive instruction. In this manner the disabled would ne’er experience that he/she is low in capableness so normal pupil. We all are equal and hence shall be treated every bit. The authorization which was taken out by the US which is â€Å" No Child Left Behind † , should besides be implemented in Pakistan, it gives an chance to both the instructor and the pupils. In add-on, kids analyzing in such an environment learn to be patient. How to cite Inclusionary Practices In The Science Classroom Education Essay, Essay examples

Political Parties and Social Movements in Australia-MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePolitical Parties and Social Movements in Australia. Answer: Over the past years, the social movements were known for their dedication on management while the political parties depended upon the media and money dominance to represent their causes. The word organizing here means the process that involves empowering individuals through independent decision making. Therefore, organizing is an instrument for creating democratic frameworks and spreading the message to a big audience is at the point of continuous political parties and movements (Fominaya 2013). Without that assurance and focused campaigns, the political parties will not be able to enhance the changes in structures that is supposed to bring a community free of exploiting of individuals and the environment. Mostly, the commentators and conservative politicians have negative feedbacks due to the inadequacy of democracy. Moreover, there are tyrants who are involved in participatory democracy who have contributed to most improved political parties and movements. It is important for the p olitical parties not to be affected by the social movements or hindered from knowing the progress and their participants have made to the democratic procedure through various political movements (Chen 2013). Nowadays the political parties do not get involved in organizing, the great community including the business industry has acknowledged there is a great benefit of involving ones personnel, developing shared ideas, respecting and also involving different methods of working. The progressive changes in society has contributed to a variety of industrial, environmental and social campaigns. It is important to note that contemporary movements hardly evaluate and even more hardly get awarded for the continuous changes that they have brought. Organizing the political parties is still an important aspect (Dalton 2013). This is because the political parties do not have enough resources that the business world has access to, but, most important, democratic and successful organizing is a critical asset for the growth of politics because it shows the good side of fair society that is focused in building. However, organisers of the rallies need to be cautious of the problems that have often occurr ed in the relations between progressive movements and political parties. Mostly, it is the environmental and social movements that provide Support to the political groups and Left parties. However, there are statements which reflect the problems that this political parties face in this relations. Political parties have an advantage of accessing enough resources and opportunities to influence individuals opinion as compared to political movements. It is significant for all elected MPs and all participants of political parties have a role to enhance changes before party annual meeting. Therefore, it is significant for political parties to have healthy internal democratic events and not to focus on their politicians and their party above the groups that provide hope to the public of the objectives on which their principles are based. This paper shows a variety of approaches both contemporary and historical that further explains the relations between political parties and social groups. It discusses the responsibility of social movements in supporting political agendas. The main focus is on the political and labor parties, there is also an explanation of the adverse effects of the social movements in obstructive social modification (Chen 2013). The great advances in political movements is because of the actions made by the environment and social movements, that is individuals meeting in a variety of organizational forms to campaign for change. The progress shows that not only do politicians and political parties enhance significant successive reforms, but also play an important part in driving force, from the activities of individuals being well organized (Loader, Vromen, Xenos 2014). The progressive changes that have been enhanced by the social and environmental movements include; the freedom to strike and good working conditions, free public education, environmental protection and womens right. Their process of organising and their progress have contributed to significant changes in how democracies work. Since the 1788 invasion, the Australian history has been a history with problems. Majority of individuals who spent time in jails in Australia were political prisoners. Many Aboriginal communities across Australia suffer ed for decades due to the acquisition of their property by the British Colonialist. However, much of this information has been discovered recently (Rodan 2013). The problems of the Aboriginal communities did not begin in 1778 and then stop until the right for bus rides in 1960. The protests by Aboriginal individuals with the support from White people, shows great progress of the political changes in Australia. These campaigns of opposition and tension have engaged various organizational forms that over years have pressured the government and enhanced progressive change. According to Giddens, some of the accomplishments have been caused by the Howard government and also by the continued support of the Rudd government. The success of the various social movements has been great, despite the continued inequality and environmental degradation in the country. In addition, common mass action have helped most of the important protests that have changed this nation and its principles globally. Large protests occurred in Australia in 1960 and 1970 against the apartheid regime and Vietnam War. Also, most individuals moved to Tasmania to protect Franklin River. In 1980s, thousands of individuals were involved in anti-nuclear and peace protests. These actions began as a small group of individuals which grew to become big movements that enhanced this changes. The loss of the faith is an aftereffect of the way that the developments that were contributors for social and condition change have to a limited extent been caught or subverted by government or Cosmopolitan Civil mainstream political forces. Objectives have been tempered because of a scope of money related and hierarchical requirements. Like never before, delegates of political gatherings should have the capacity to stand up and give a radical lead. This progressive movements have contributed to important change in a wide based development is as yet expected to apply and keep up weight on all political gatherings. In the meantime, developments themselves, when following up on limited sectional interests and progress toward becoming barricades to change. Most of the Australian social groups have been at the front line of a hefty portion of the dynamic battles that have formed Australian culture there have been situations when most activists have constrained battle and repressed the accomplishment of a more attractive community (Rodan 2013). In 1960, for instance, members of the exchange union pioneers in the open transport business stopped ladies accomplishing the privilege to do an indistinguishable work from their male associates. Clarrie O'Shea, the Victorian State Secretary of the Australian Tramway and Engine Omnibus Representatives' Relationship, for many years restricted ladies in the cable car industry the privilege to drive cable cars. In 1969, Clarrie O'Shea helped reunite his family. Afterwards, he was imprisoned by John Kerr who later turned into the notorious representative general who exiled the Whitlam government for failing to reimburse $8,000 in fines forced on his union, which place him in disdain of the Mechanical Court (Kornhauser 2013). Today ladies do drive Melbourne cable cars. Be that as it may, the leap forward did not come until 1975 when the ladies who were all the while battling for their rights discovered support inside the as of late chose Whitlam Work Government. Furthermore, the ladies' gatherings that involved the 1970s second wave of feminism. This recently discovered bolster reinvigorated the battle with ladies arranging on a general population premise through the union. Cosmopolitan Common Social orders declared that he wanted to approve the Worldwide Work Association Tradition on Segregation and that boards of trustees to examine protests would be set up. This aggravated the activities of the union. However, it took an additional two years before Emma Zelinka turned into the principal lady that enhanced changes on Melbourne transport. Additionally, the more extensive development of majority union activists and ladies' gatherings were the main thrust, the activities of a Work Serve assumed an urgent part in bringing sense to an obsolete union authority (Giddens 2013). As of late the gatherings that make up the earth development have embraced distinctive strategies in their reaction to atmosphere change. About half of the Australias ozone harming substance emanations originating from mining and consuming coal, the radical end of the earth development have highlighted the importance of focusing on the coal business. Therefore, the state and central go vernment have made arrangements that will boost this industry (Markoff 2015). In 2007 and 2008, there were peaceful demonstrations over ceasing the development of the coal industry was started by various groups including Greenpeace Australia (Taggar 2016). The Australian Greens bolstered a large portion of these activities with various MPs taking an interest in challenges against new coal projects. In the meantime, groups that are viewed as a feature of the earth development, for example, World Wide Reserve for Nature and the Atmosphere Establishment, are sponsorship scratch strategic moves of the coal business, for example, carbon catch and capacity innovation. Their position on this questionable improvement is restricting the adequacy of the developing efforts to twist back ozone harming substance discharges (Loader, Vromen Xenos 2014). Greens MPs keep up a nearby working association with dynamic developments and themselves participate in strategies outside the typical parliamentary exercises. An evaluation of the work carried out by the state and MPs and m ost Greens councilors uncovers that they do their jobs a long ways past the parliamentary limits of open deliberations on enactment and panel work. In particular, most of them spend a great deal of time working with groups to accomplish essential ecological security, correct social imbalances and assist assemble mass developments on key issues (Vromen Coleman 2013). In addition, the hierarchical framework of the organisation with its accentuation on grass attaches popular government ought to keep up the gathering on the dynamic end of the political change. In the NSW Greens grass roots majority rule government conveys tremendous energy to nearby Greens bunches whose individuals decide neighborhood preselection and inclination choices. All individuals can be included in creating and deciding approaches (Tremewan, 2016). To conclude, in Australia there has been minimal investigation of the connection between dynamic developments and political gatherings. This should be routed, to better comprehend the progression and conceivable outcomes of the relations. History unmistakably exhibits the main part that developments play in moving people in general plan, and creating opportunities up for far- achieving social and ecological changes. Plainly these improvements can be very helpful when dynamic MPs and political gatherings work as one to create crusades and impact change. The progressive changes in society has contributed to a variety of industrial, environmental and social campaigns. It is important to note that contemporary movements hardly evaluate and even more hardly get awarded for the continuous changes that they have brought. References Chen, P. J. (2013). Australian politics in a digital age. ANU Press. Dalton, R. J. (2013). Citizen politics: Public opinion and political parties in advanced industrial democracies. Cq Press. Fominaya, C. F. (2014). Social movements and globalization: How protests, occupations and uprisings are changing the world. Palgrave Macmillan. Gauja, A. (2015). The individualisation of party politics: The impact of changing internal decision-making processes on policy development and citizen engagement. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 17(1), 89-105. Giddens, A. (2013). The third way: The renewal of social democracy. John Wiley Sons. Markoff, J. (2015). Waves of democracy: Social movements and political change. Routledge. Mic, J. L., Casero-Ripolls, A. (2014). Political activism online: organization and media relations in the case of 15M in Spain. Information, Communication Society, 17(7), 858-871. Nyberg, D., Spicer, A., Wright, C. (2013). Incorporating citizens: corporate political engagement with climate change in Australia. Organization, 20(3), 433-453. Taggart, P. A. (2016). The new populism and the new politics: new protest parties in Sweden in a comparative perspective. Springer. Loader, B. D., Vromen, A., Xenos, M. A. (2014). The networked young citizen: social media, political participation and civic engagement. Rodan, G. (Ed.). (2013). Political oppositions in industrialising Asia. Routledge. Kornhauser, W. (2013). Politics of Mass Society (Vol. 49). Routledge. Vromen, A., Coleman, W. (2013). Online campaigning organizations and storytelling strategies: GetUp! in Australia. Policy Internet, 5(1), 76-100. Tremewan, C. (2016). The political economy of social control in Singapore. Springer. Donoghue, J., Tranter, B. (2015). The Anzacs: military influences on Australian identity. Journal of Sociology, 51(3), 449-463.

Kerrice Lawrence Essays - Literature, Film, Fugitive Pieces, Culture

Kerrice Lawrence Dr. Gayle Thrift IDST 400-1 The Role of Language and Poetic Devices in Fugitive Pieces by Ann Michaels Fugitive Pieces from the onset is undoubtedly a thrilling fiction novel. The author Anne Michaels has successfully employed first person narration and use of metaphor to illustrate events that would not be achieved by any other style. Clearly, this is a nov el that tries, through literary devices to reconstruct the experiences that survivors of the holocaust underwent. It defies earlier propositions put forth by Adorno in the Prisms , that no one should write poetry on the Auschwitz accounts as it would result in barbarism (Almon, 47) . B y virtue of this, it is clear that Fugitive Pieces is intended to portray a picture that it is possible for survivors to live with their traumatizing memories of their past, with their memories of having escaped death narrowly and still continue to live normal lives (Skog, 201). Through constant memory of the narrator, Jakob, about his family and especially his sister Bella, the author successfully delivers her messa ge that there is hope for humanity to l ive by faith and po rtray the effects that the H olocaust had on the populations that were affected. Every narrative can be thought of as a mysterious na rra tive because as Ann Michae ls has said through her character, Athos in Fugitive Pieces , "There's nothing that a man will not do to another , nothing tha t a man will not do for another " (114). The motives and intentions of a human being are complex and difficult to sort out. Their behavior could be motivated by a spontaneous feeling or by years of mulling over an injustice they feel they have to readdress. Perhaps something as simple as a rain storm can motivate an act of kindness or an act of violence. The environmental atmo sphere of a behavior may be as important as the inner workings of the human brain. For example if the environment is a concentration camp or a Nazi SS unit who can say what moves a person t o act for the good or the bad; at least there is no way to be sure with one hundred p ercent certainty. Even the person who is doing the behavior cannot necessarily be su re of why they behaved in this or that way at exactly noon on Friday in the year of 1943. Fugitive Piece s is a mostly beautifully written examination of the human condition with the traumatic events of World War II in Europe and the H olocaust in Germany acting, I would say , as main ch aracters in the book along with the human characters. Athos , a Greek archaeologist , encounters a "bog boy" when closing down a German archaeology site before return ing to Greece (Michaels, 5). The "bog boy " had become a boy of the bog because his parents and beloved sister had been s tolen from him by Nazi soldiers (Michaels, 5). The boy had hidden in a secret place in the house to avoid interaction with the Nazis. Then he became an organic part of the forest in order to survive while hiding from the Nazis outside of his r uined home. This paper argues t hat Athos, the savior of the seven year old forest boy named Jakob , is the conscience of the world. In other words Athos embodies the shock, the shame, the fear, the failures and the successes the world experienced while tryi ng to understand the horrifying legacy of WWII. Jacob's experience as a survivor mirrors the experiences and feelings of other survivors of s uch traumatic events using the H olocaust as the example. The hypothesis is that Jakob follows a path to sanity although the odds were certainly stacked against him. Michaels is expressing a way to retain o ptimism in the face of despair by describing the reaction to trauma as a universal behavior (Caruth as cited by Aloui, 10) . This paper follows the jo urney that Jakob travels with Athos in the first part of the book. The most meaningful and moving part of Fugitive Pieces

Communication in the Curious Incident of the Dog in Night-Time Essays

Communication in the Curious Incident of the Dog in Night-Time Essays Communication in the Curious Incident of the Dog in Night-Time Essay Communication in the Curious Incident of the Dog in Night-Time Essay In â€Å"the Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time†, the author Mark Haddon presents a series detective stories of a autistic boy of 15 year-old named Christopher Boone, living in Swindon, England to investigate the death of a dog called wellington and finds the secret of his family and venture across London. As my first sight of the character Christopher, I just got the impact of his suffering of autistic issue and took pity on him. He was in a special-needs school and stuck in a stereotypical discrimination from outside. For example, when he got off the school bus, he was joked as â€Å"Special Needs! Special Needs! † (Haddon 44) and became the derision for fun by others of the same age. On the other hand, he had less predictable mind than most ordinary people, especially in terms of the insufficient to conjecture the facial expression, and he also could not talk to people in â€Å"normal† social etiquette. It generated a communication obstacle among him and other people. His random spasms or behavioral habits had a tendency to scare strangers. Therefore, people got quickly irritated and walked away. This was seen on his journey to London when he met a woman of good intension to help him. The lady tried to see if he was alright and asked â€Å"is there anything I can do for you†. Instead of typically replying a â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no†, he threatened the lady, â€Å"I’ve got a Swiss army knife and it has a saw blade†¦finger off† (Haddon 184). Even facing his mother, who might count as strangers, Christopher had difficulty to go shopping and understood what her mother implied. After he lived with her mother temporally, he said he had â€Å"one of his favorite dreams†, where there would be only him left and he needn’t struggle in the social communication. With further reading, I thought I could not use â€Å"disability† to describe his communication, but â€Å"difference† instead. Thought he did not communicate with some strangers, one person who did was Siobhan, his teacher. As a professional, Siobhan was able to understand and respect Christopher, a detail at the beginning of the novel, she apologizing to Christopher for her picture and her laughing (Haddon 3). She understood that Christopher needed very specific details when being told what to do and it would confuse him if they were not put in a particular way. For example, she said â€Å"If you want to go on the swings and there are already people on the swings, you must never push them off. You must ask†¦have finished† (Haddon 30) instead of â€Å"you must obey the order and be polite†, which Christopher would never be able to interpret so that he ould decide for himself â€Å"what I am going to do and what I am not going to do† (30). There was a trust helped Siobhan and Christopher to communicate. However, even though Siobhan was able to understand Christopher at a high level, she cannot form a close bond with him and lacks an insight to him that others who weren’t emotionally detached to him could see. Although his father did not have too much talk with Christopher, he was the core of the life of Christopher.

The 4,000 Year Old History of Locks

The 4,000 Year Old History of Locks Archeologists found the oldest known lock in the Khorsabad palace ruins near Nineveh. The lock was estimated to be 4,000 years old. It was a forerunner to a pin tumbler type of lock, and a common Egyptian lock for the time. This lock worked using a large wooden bolt to secure a door, which had a slot with several holes in its upper surface. The holes were filled with wooden pegs that prevented the bolt from being opened. The  warded lock  was also present from early times and remains the most recognizable lock and key design in the Western world. The first all-metal locks appeared between the years 870 and 900, and are attributed to the English. Affluent Romans often kept their valuables in secure boxes within their households and wore the keys as rings on their fingers.   During the period of the 18th and 19th centuries - in part to the onset of the Industrial Revolution - many technical developments were made in the locking mechanisms that added to the security of common locking devices. It was during this period that America changed from importing door hardware to manufacturing and even exporting some. The earliest patent for a double-acting pin tumbler  lock  was granted to American physician Abraham O. Stansbury in England in 1805, but the modern version, still in use today, was invented by American Linus Yale, Sr. in 1848. But, other famous locksmiths patented their lock designed before and after Linus. Robert Barron   The first serious attempt to improve the security of the lock was made in 1778 in England. Robert Barron  patented a double-acting tumbler lock. Joseph Bramah   Joseph Bramah patented the safety lock in 1784. Bramahs lock was considered unpickable. The inventor went on to create a Hydrostatic Machine, a beer-pump, the four-cock, a quill-sharpener, a working planer, and more. James Sargent   In 1857, James Sargent invented the worlds first successful key-changeable combination lock. His lock became popular with safe manufacturers and the United States Treasury Department. In 1873, Sargent patented a time lock mechanism that became the prototype of those being used in contemporary bank vaults. Samuel Segal   Mr. Samuel Segal (former New York City policeman) invented the first jimmy proof locks in 1916. Segal holds over twenty-five patents. Harry Soref   Soref founded the Master Lock Company in 1921 and patented an improved padlock. In April 1924, he received a patent (U.S #1,490,987) for his new lock casing. Soref made a padlock that was both strong and cheap using a case constructed out of layers of metal, like the doors of a bank vault. He designed his padlock using laminated steel. Linus Yale Sr.   Linus Yale invented a pin-tumbler lock in 1848. His son improved upon his lock using a smaller, flat key with serrated edges that is the basis of ​the  modern pin-tumbler locks. Linus Yale Jr. (1821-1868)   American, Linus Yale Jr. was a mechanical engineer and lock manufacturer who patented a cylinder pin-tumbler lock in 1861. Yale invented the modern combination lock in 1862.

The key international trading factors between the European Union and Research Paper

The key international trading factors between the European Union and the Middle-Eastern countries. Specifically the countries in - Research Paper Example The European countries consists of religions like Roman Catholicism,  Orthodox Christianity, Protestantism,  Sunni Islam, Shia Islam,  Judaism and Buddhism. All these religions entities are different in their traditions, beliefs and ideologies. Catholic Christians are concentrated mainly in countries like, Italy, Vatican, France, Hungary, Poland etc. Turkey, Syria, Algeria like countries have Islam as the major religion Orthodox Christians are heavily populated in countries like, Russia, Ukraine, Rumania, Bulgaria, Greece whereas Protestant Christians are staying in mainly in countries like Denmark, Germany, Finland, Sweden etc. Even amidst these extremely diverse cultural diversities, most of the European countries were able to assemble under the flag of EU for improving their bargaining power in the global trade activities. Common currency Euro is introduced in order to improve the integration process further. Middle East, especially the gulf countries are traditionally goof trading partners of Europe. In fact most of the gulf countries are engaged in more trade activities with the Europe than with any other region in the world. Majority of the gulf countries are Muslim countries and even then they have less political problems with the European world. On the other hand, America’s foreign policies and activities were watched suspiciously by the Gulf countries because of America’s unholy tie up with Israel. Thus most of the Middle Eastern countries took the EU as their best friend in trade activities. However, the trade activities between the gulf countries and the EU have witnessed lot of ups and downs in the recent times because of various reasons. This paper analyses the success and failures of EU’s trade tie ups with Middle East over the years. Relations between the European Union and the GCC date back to the mid-1980s. In 1989, the two organizations signed a cooperation agreement, which included a wide range of sectors: agricultu re, fisheries, industry, energy, sciences, technology, investment, environment, and trade. Over the years, dialogue between the EU and GCC has been characterized by ups and downs and has mainly focused on trade cooperation. During the 1990s, trade flows between the two blocks were actually very low, and only since 2001 they have began to intensify, thanks to the increase in oil prices rather than to the intensification of trade volumes. Negotiations on a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) have been part of EU-GCC cooperation, but after 20 years, this goal is still elusive (Talbot, p.13) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates are the major GCC countries which have strong trade tie ups with the Europe. These six countries formed a regional organization; The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) in May 1981. â€Å"The major objectives of this cooperation are to enhance coordination, integration and inter-connection among its Member States in di fferent spheres†(The EU & the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)). â€Å"All these six GCC countries currently benefit from preferential access to the EU market under the EU's Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)†(Gulf region 2010). Even before the formulation of European Union,

Cleopatra Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cleopatra - Essay Example In the third year of their reign Ptolemy, encouraged by his advisers, assumed sole control of the government and drove Cleopatra into exile. She was determined to regain her throne. She promptly gathered an army in Syria but was unable to assert her claim until the arrival at Alexandria of Julius Caesar, who became her lover and espoused her cause. He was for a time hard pressed by the Egyptians but ultimately triumphed, and in 47 bc Ptolemy XIII was killed. And that time, Caesar proclaimed Cleopatra Queen of Egypt. Cleopatra is described as a beautiful, sensuous, intelligent, and desirous of bringing her beloved Egypt into the forefront of world power and politics. She started out as a famous queen of a wealthy nation in time of ancient history and her fame grew from there. During her reign, "Cleopatra promoted herself relentlessly, making public displays of her power, her image as pharaoh and goddess, and her links with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony." She is considered extraordinary and most influential woman in the world history. Not all government has been run by men. According to website "Cleopatra is a woman who both combines, political wit and foresight, as well as a strong personal will combined with rigorous self-confidence." She has wielded power, revealed her feats during her times. To an imperious will, boldness and boundless ambition, Cleopatra added great intellectual power and physical seductiveness with which she twice nearly succeeded in becoming queen of the known world. In her both complex relationships with the two most powerful men, first is Julius Caesar, and several years after Caesar's death Is Mark Antony, she see to it that she had join forces with them to assure her place for Egypt in the shaping of the empire. In her relationships with the two great generals, Cleopatra used her body as well as her mind to achieve political ends. Her standards of conduct differed widely from Roman custom and law. But it was for her determination, and intelligence that she was feared at Rome, and Cleopatra deserves to be remembered as a nearly successful contender for control of the Hellenistic world. III. CLEOPATRA and JULIUS CAESAR Julius Caesar is the Roman general and a good leader who ruled the Roman Republic as a dictator. Cleopatra was restored to the throne by the Roman armies of Julius Caesar. She uses Julius Caesar to exercise his power over Egypt and proclaim her as a queen. Legend has it that Cleopatra had herself delivered to Caesar rolled up in a carpet. Whatever the truth, he fell in love with her, and she had a son, Caesarion, by him. Caesar invited Cleopatra and Caesarion to Rome, where she stayed until 44 BC, when Caesar was assassinated. IV. CLEOPATRA and MARK ANTONY Mark Antony is the Roman general went to Cleopatra for her support in his bid for power in Rome. He too fell in love with her. They later married and had three children. Mark Anthony and Cleopatra were ambitious and strove to take over the eastern Roman Empire. But their armies were defeated at the Battle of Actium, off Greece, by the forces of Octavian. As Octavian chased Cleopatra and Mark Antony to Alexandria, Cleopatra spread rumours that she was dead. In despair, Mark Antony stabbed himself. He died in her arms. Cleopatra committed suicide also. V. OCTAVIAN The war between Queen Cleopatra (assisted by Mark Antony) and Octavian was last and probably most important of

Understand Sensory Loss Essay Example for Free

Understand Sensory Loss Essay 1. Understand the factors that impact on an individual with sensory loss. 1.1. Analyse how a range of factors can impact on individuals with sensory loss. There are a number of factors that can impact individuals with sensory loss. In many cases sensory loss is hidden and people can be unaware an individual has sensory loss. Communication is an area in which people with sensory loss have many issues. Normal day to day activities can cause them a great deal of stress and anxiety. For example if someone does not have a sensory loss they may enjoy watching television. Imagine if you could not hear what was begin said probably. The frustration that must be felt can lead to feelings of inadequacy. For someone who is unable to see the television. The can miss out on actions that are not spoken .For example someone smiling. We express facial expressions that allow to show how we are feeling. Imagine not being able to to tell by looking at someone you know if they are happy or not. This can lead a person feeling extremity frustrated see more:outline the main causes of sensory loss People with sensory loss can miss out on important information that people with out sensory loss take in day to day with out even realising. For example if we had an visual impairment we may not be able to read written material which is important to us such as a bank statement. A person with hearing loss could miss hear important Information such as someone shouting them to warn them of a danger. The environment around a person with sensory loss can have a large impact on a person. For example if a a person parks a car on the curb instead of next to the curb. This can cause a person with visionary loss a great deal of distress. They may not be able to see the car and they could walk into the car causing them embarrassment and physical injury/pain. All in all this factors can have a negative impact on their lives. Causing the individual to feel isolated, inadequate and frustrated. 1.2. Analyse how societal attitudes and beliefs impact on individuals with sensory loss. Societal attitudes and beliefs can impact individuals with sensory loss In a large way. This on the whole can be quite negative. For example we may not mean to but often we be extremely inconsiderate of people with sensory loss in our day to day life’s. A few people often hear sensory loss and assume that a persons intelligence and capacity to understand are effected. For example people often talk to deaf people slowly and loudly. This can make the individual feel undervalued, miss understood and stupid. People can often be very judgemental. A person could be asking a deaf person to move by saying excuse me and how often if they did not get a reaction or the person did not respond would people think they are rude over deaf? We often assume they are unable to complete tasks and treat them without meaning to disrespectfully by taking away there independence by assuming they are unable to do tasks such as cook there own tea. All these factors and make an individual feel insecure, frustrated, isolated, undervalued, stupid and inadequate. Although we are know getting much better at recognising the needs of individual with sensory loss such as audio descriptive screenings for films, subtitles, loop systems, signers and guide dogs. This are helping socially as people are becoming more aware of people with sensory loss and there needs. This is having a positive impact on individuals with sensory loss by allowing them to live more independently. 1.3. Explore how a range of factors, societal attitudes and beliefs impact on service provision. Due to recent changes in attitudes the service provision for individuals has  more about the person and there needs rather than their disability. In the past professionals would decided on the support an individual would need by using a gift model. Where individuals where expected to fit in with the service, not the service to fit them. Now the service has become person centred. This is the idea that a person has control over the services they need to support them. For example they are given a personal budget. This allows the individual a chance to decide on what support they need, how they want it delivered, who they want to deliver it, and when they want it. This is a positive move for individuals with sensory loss as it allows them to take back there independence and receive the correct support to help them life a fulfilling life. 2. Understand the importance of effective communication for individuals with sensory loss. 2.1. Explain the methods of communication used by individuals with: Sight loss Hearing loss Deaf-blindness Sight loss Firstly always identify yourself even in known environment e.g. Hello, its Hannah. Also any others that may be around. Always use names to identify people e.g. when in a group use names. Keep them aware of where you are and if people are moving around them, who is in the room and who is leaving. Keep them informed of where objects such as tables,chairs etc. Talk to them normally there is no need to shout or talk really slowly. Use everyday language dont be worried about using words such as look and see. Dont use non-verbal communication e.g. pulling faces, pointing When giving instructions be accurate and specific. Provide information in alternative formats e.g. audio, extra large pint,  electronic formats, Braille etc. Hearing Loss Firstly make sure you are facing the individual and they can see you clearly. Try to find out the persons preferred communication method When using speech, speak normal lip pattern, clearly, dont shout and don;t turn your head away from them or cover your mouth. Speak at ear level or if they have a preferred side to be on that side Repeat things if necessary or rephrase them. Use finger spelling, write things down Ensure the location is quiet and echos are not present e.g. a room with soft furnishings If there is a loop system present, ask if they want to use it. If necessary book note-takers, lip speaker. BSL interpreters etc. Deaf-blindness Communicating with deaf-blind individual can be difficult. Studying the individuals body language can be helpful. Follows the same guidelines for blind and deaf individuals and additionally. Good lighting of the environment. Plain backgrounds. Light on the person speaking and coming from behind the individual. Distance and positioning are important. Check their preferences. Use objects to help communicate. Provide a guide/communicator if needed. Tactile communication e.g. Braille, moon Finger spelling by the deaf-blind manual alphabet. 2.2. Describe how the environment facilitates effective communication for people with sensory loss. By providing a the correct environment we can provide effective communication for people with sensory loss. For example to put a person with visual  impairments in a room with poor lighting, with lot of objects around them and ask them to read a regular newspaper would be unfair. However if we provided an environment with the correct lighting such as brighter lighting, de clutter there environment also use colour to make things stand out from there background. Use a bigger print for the paper or get a audio version. There are three simple rules to remember for a visually impaired individual. Bigger. Bolder. Brighter. Bigger is simply making things bigger such as prints, buttons. This can also be done by illusion of moving things closer to someone so the object appears bigger. Bolder is making things easier to see. For example colour differences. Say you have a brown table on a brown carpet against a brown wall. By either making the background a light colour or the table it instantly will stand out to them. If this can not be done try a bold colour tape along the edges of an object, edge to make it stand out. It is all about creating a large contrast between things to help them differentiate between objects. Brighter is using better lighting to help make things easier to see. It should be the right amount to make the person feel comfortable. Lamps shinning directly onto items they directly want to see work well. Remember each individual is different so find the correct lighting for them. For individuals with hearing loss the most effective thing in an environment is reduced background noise. Again provide good lighting so peoples faces can bee seen. People are part of the environment also. So make sure they are aware of communication needs of others with sensory loss can help provide a positive environment for everyone. As this provides one another with consideration for one another and mutual respect. 2.3. Explain how effective communication may have a positive impact on lives on individuals with sensory loss. By providing the correct communication for individuals with sensory loss we will eliminate a lot of their anxiety, frustration and isolation. This will help the individuals an improved quality of life as they will be able to do more e.g. go to the cinema, Talk to others. By improving their quality of life this will improve their emotion well-being and their health. By being able to access the community they will feel like an active member of the community and as if they are providing a positive contribution. This will allow them to have a greater personal dignity. As we are all being more aware of sensory loss they will b freer from discrimination. In all by providing effective communication we give the individuals control over their lives. As they are able to express their wants, needs and aspirations. 3. Understand the main causes and conditions of sensory loss 3.1. Identify the main causes of sensory loss. The main course of sensory loss is the ageing process with individuals over 65 more likely to have some form experience sensory loss. The most common causes of vision impairment: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) Glaucoma Cataract Disease e.g. Diabetic Retinopathy Genetics e.g. Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) (Tunnel vision) Infection e.g. Meningitis Injury or physical trauma The most common causes of hearing impairment: Age related deafness Noise Induced deafness Infection e.g. meningitis, mumps, measles, Maternal Rubella Cochlea Ostosclerosis Disease e.g. Mà ©nià ¨re’s disease Genetics Drugs (ototoxic deafness) Physical trauma Presabyacusis The most common causes of deaf-blindness: Ageing process Genetics e.g. Usher Syndrome Maternal infection e.g Rubella Premature Birth Combination of cause of visual and hearing impairments. 3.2. Define congenital sensory loss and acquired sensory loss. Congenital sensory loss is present from birth. Acquired sensory loss is is a sensory loss that was not present at birth but has developed later. 3.3. Identify the demographic factors that influence the incidence of sensory loss in the population. Due to the main course of sensory loss being the ageing process . And people are now living longer and to a greater age this has increased the incidence of sensory loss within the demographics. More people are reaching above 65 so therefore more of the population are developing sensory loss. 4. Know how to recognise when an individual may be experiencing sight and / or loss and actions that may be taken. 4.1. Identify the indicators and signs of: Sight loss Hearing loss Deaf-blindness The indicators for sight loss are: Over cautious driving habits. Find lighting either: too bright or too dim. Frequent eye glass prescription changes. Holding books or reading material close to face or at arms length. Squinting or tilting the head to see. Difficulty in recognizing people. Changes in leisure time activities. Change in personal appearance. Changes in table etiquette. Moving about cautiously. Bumping into objects. Acting confused or disoriented. The indicators of hearing loss: Needing the volume on things turning up e.g. radio. Not hearing when someone knocks at the door or door bell. Often asking people to repeat what they have said. Having difficulty hearing when more than one person is talking. Complaining of people mumbling or talking too quickly. Not responding when you talk from to them from behind them. Having difficulty following people with unfamiliar accents or new to them. Having problems using the phone. Misunderstanding conversation. Avoiding social situations. Feeling stressed and tired. Indication of deaf-blindness can be a combination of both this lists. 4.2. Explain actions that should be taken if there are concerns about onset  of sensory loss or change in sensory status. If a person I was supporting was displaying any of this signs. I would mention it to them to see if they had noticed. They may be feeling ashamed, scared and unsure what to. I would help them by discussing their options and helping them to seek advice for the right health profession. I may also need to inform their support network and family. This will help them support the individual better and support them through the changes. I may be supporting someone who is unable to tell me or communicate that they are having problems. In this case I would discuss it with the relative people in the care management and also record and monitor any signs they are experiencing. This would allows us to help change how we support them to make it the support more effective and helpful to them. 4.3. Identify sources of support for those who may be experiencing onset of sensory loss. There are many sources of support for an individual that is experiencing sensory loss. Specialist support workers that are available to through their local authority and general adult services. Many primary care trust have sensory support teams that can be accessed for support or advice. There specialist organisations like the RNIB and RNID that have all the knowledge you may require and specialist advice. These organisations can provide you with a list of local facilities in your area.

Slavery Essay -- Slavery Essays

Slavery Slavery in America brought about a successful south but also proved to be one of the most terrible things done by humans to humans. Slavery became a way of life in early America. Eight out of the first twelve presidents owned slaves. People in the south benefited from slaves the most. Harvesting those huge cotton fields took many hands. That’s were the slaves became key to the success of the south. Slaves were predominately black Africans. Africans made up the majority but they were not the only ones. Native Americans and even English indentured servants made up the rest of the people put into slavery. There are two different kinds of slaves. There are slaves that stayed in the house and took care of the families, and there were the slaves that worked the land. Domestic slaves were usually women and children. Mean and young boys made up the farm hands. These men worked from sunrise to sundown. Working outside was by far the worst of the two. Some slaves didn’t fall under these to types there were slaves that served as guides, trappers, craft workers and nurses. Jobs that people do not relate slaves with. Slaves had different jobs depending on what of the country they were sent to. Slaves in the north generally worked in the mills and clearing forest. Slaves in the south worked the farms all year. Up north slaves only had to work the farms in the summer months because of the rigorous winters they went through. Domestic slaves stayed in the house picked up after the family, cooked and served meals, cleaned and kept up with the daily chores of the house. It was easier than w orking outside. Slaves were treated as property. Owners had the right to do whatever they wanted to them. They were property, not people. Owners would have the white farm hands stand in the fields and make sure the slaves were working as fast and hard as they could. If they weren’t working as hard as they could and a white farmhand saw it. The slaves would be beaten, and sometimes in severe cases killed. When the owner wasn’t around slaves could interact with each other. Families that came over on the boats were ripped apart at the auction blocks. They were thrown together not knowing each other and had to form some kind of structure to their personal lives. Younger men and women and children looked up the older men and women as parents. Slaves would be put in... ...hat captains could get their hands on. The owners of the ships had to keep the slaves in pretty good shape to get top dollar for them. The white deck hands would bring the slaves on deck and go through and exercise they called â€Å"dance.† The men were forced to jump until the shackles broke they skin on their ankles. The women and children who were not shackled could dance to a rhythm. Slaves enjoyed their exercise because it was the only time they were aloud to move around. If the slaves refused to dance they were beaten with whips. The whips were called â€Å"cat-o-nine-tails† they were made up of nine cords covered with tar; each cord had a knot at the end. When bad weather hit it became very rough for the slaves. The slaves were not aloud to come up on the deck. This is where disease and filth ran through the slaves. In conclusion, slavery although was a big part of the rise of this country. It was looking back, one of the most terrible things done by humans to other humans. Learning from our mistakes took a long time. The Civil War was the point in our history where everyone realized that you could not treat people like animals. That everyone is looked upon as equals.

Research Paper: Cryonics

Christian Cristurean Mrs. Liftson English, 4B 17 November, 2009 Research Paper: The major reason that cryonics is not more favorably viewed in the medical community is relatively easy to explain. Medicine relies on clinical trials. Put more simply, if someone proposes a technique for saving lives, the response is â€Å"Try it and see if it works. † Methods that have not been verified by clinical trials are called â€Å"experimental,† while methods that have been tried and failed are rejected; Cryonics falls under this category. While some still believe Cryonics will preserve human life and restore health; I believe we can put are efforts and money into today’s medical field that we know for a fact will work. Does Cryonics really work? In my opinion, by my research I did; â€Å"No†. As asked in the article of (Cryonics). They don’t have a yes or no answer but are sure to jump ahead to the distant future. As stated by them when asked if Cryonics really works? They answered the question by this statement; â€Å"The clinical trials are in progress. Come back in a century and we'll give you a reliable answer. † (Cryonics) With no evidence that Cryonics will work, it leads me to say that it’s a waist of time and money. Costs of cryonics vary greatly, ranging from $28,000 for cryopreservation by the Cryonics Institute, to $155,000 for whole body cryopreservation for the American Cryonics Society’s most expensive plan. Alcor’s whole body preservation is priced at $150,000 (or $80,000 for neuropreservation of the head alone) plus a ~$500 annual membership fee during life by Alcor. After payment of an initiaton fee, ACS full members pay an annual fee of $300 currently. To some extent these cost differences reflect differences in how fees are quoted. The Cryonics Institute fee doesn’t include â€Å"standby† (a team that begins procedures at bedside), transportation costs, or funeral director expenses outside of Michigan, which must be purchased as extras. CI Members wanting Standby and Transport from cryonics professionals can contract for additional payment to the Florida-based company Suspended Animation, Inc. It has been claimed that if technologies for general molecular analysis and repair are ever developed, then theoretically any damaged body could be â€Å"revived. † Survival would then depend on whether preserved brain information was sufficient to permit restoration of all or part of the personal identity of the original person, with amnesia being the final dividing line between life and death. The justification for the actual practice of cryonics is unclear, given present limitations of preservation technology. Currently cells, tissues, blood vessels, and some small animal organs can be reversibly cryopreserved. Some very small animals, such as water bears, can naturally survive preservation at cryogenic temperatures. Wood frogs can survive for a few months in a partially frozen state a few degrees below freezing, but this is not true cryopreservation. Cryonics advocates counter that demonstrably reversible preservation is not necessary to achieve the present-day goal of cryonics, which is preservation of basic brain information that encodes memory and personal identity. There is good reason to believe that current cryonics procedures can preserve the anatomical basis of mind. Proponents claim preservation of this information is sufficient to prevent information-theoretic death until future repairs might be possible. While cryonics is sometimes suspected of being greatly profitable, the high expenses of doing cryonics are well documented. The expenses are comparable to major transplant surgeries. The largest single expense, especially for whole body cases, is the money that must be set aside to generate interest to pay for maintenance in perpetuity. There isn’t enough scientific information to support this belief. With such economically times as now, it leads me to say that money must not be waisted on such gambles. Until proven to work, Cryonics should be dismissed as an idea of immortality imagination instead of future Medical Science. Work Cited Cryonics. † Http://www. free-articles-zone. com. Publishing Free Articles Zone, 15 July 2005. Web. 14 Nov. 2009. . (Cryonics)

Cause of the Civil War 2 Essay

Slavery was the primary flashpoint and main cause for the conduct of the American Civil War (1861-1865). The 11 states that comprised the secessionist Confederacy were dependent on the labor of their slaves for the continued operation of their economy. In the Northern states that comprised the Union in the conflict, the practice of slavery was considered as an illegal act. In the South, the work of the slaves was vital to the cotton and tobacco production of the estates in that part of the country. But the main issue prior to the war concerned whether the practice of slavery would be allowed in the new territories in the West gained from Mexico after the latter’s defeat in the Mexican War (1846-1848) (MSN Encarta, 2008). As the years passed on, the Northern and Southern regions of the United States grew and developed into distinct regional aggregations. This was further exacerbated by the social, political and economic views that each region has grown to take onto itself. Both of these regions tried to influence the political thinking of the country as a whole. With the subsequent victory of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, the threat of the end of slavery was even more pronounced and led to the conflict (Encarta, 2008). Slavery played a central role in the chronicles of the United States. It should be noted that of the first 12 Presidents of the United States, 75 percent of them were practicing slave owners. The climax of the debates about the issue of slavery was when the Southern states finally seceded from the Union over the continued practice of slavery, leading to the South’s defeat in the Civil War. The war also bought the practice of slavery to a halt, freeing an estimated 4 million slaves, costing approximately $ 5 billion in wrecked properties and claiming more than 600,000 lives in the process (Encarta, 2008). Reference MSN Encarta. (2008). American Civil War. Retrieved December 11, 2008, from http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761567354_1____28/Civil_War. html#s28

The way the play shows the differences between the generations, with particular references to Mr Birling and Sheila Essay Example

The way the play shows the differences between the generations, with particular references to Mr Birling and Sheila Essay Example The way the play shows the differences between the generations, with particular references to Mr Birling and Sheila Essay The way the play shows the differences between the generations, with particular references to Mr Birling and Sheila Essay Essay Topic: Literature The differences between the generations are very clear. Even at the very beginning of the play it is shown: Sheila: Youre squiffy Mrs Birling: What an expression, Sheila! Here it is showing that Mrs Birling does not really understand how the younger people talk. It means that the audience can see at once that there is a difference between the younger people and the older people. The difference between Sheila and Birling are not shown until later on in the play. The first signs of the generation gap is in Act 2, where Sheila says: Dont interfere, please, Father. Gerald knows what I mean, and you apparently dont This is the first real sign of tension. It makes the audience more sympathetic towards Sheila, because her father does not understand what has happened between her and Gerald. This is because the older generation do not understand how the younger generation work out their problems. Sheila has already explained how she and Gerald should sort the problems out, but her father still thinks that he can fix the situation. The main difference between Sheila and Birling is shown after the Inspector leaves. It is whether the Inspector was really a police inspector, and whether it matters if he was or not: But it doesnt make any real difference, yknow Sheila is sympathetic towards Eva, whereas Birling is more concerned about his public image. The audience are sympathetic towards Eva, and so it makes them feel resentful towards Birling. This shows a clear division between the two generations, and how they view the situation. This has a dramatic impact on the audience. They will not have viewed Birling in this way until he seems unsympathetic towards what happened to the girl. They feel betrayed by his character. Birling accuses Sheila and Eric of telling the Inspector too much, however, he defends his wife: No, not you, my dear. But these two Birling wants to clear his conscious and blame someone else, whereas Sheila wants to share the blame, and accept her responsibility. The audience feel that Birling has a weak character because he has to side with his wife, and blame his children. They feel that no one should blame their children in this way, and so they are unsympathetic towards Birling.

Chapter two - Mississippi schools Essay Example for Free

Chapter two – Mississippi schools Essay The following literature focuses on how schools in the Mississippi School district and nationwide are implementing school improvement plans and closing the achievement gap. In School Improvement and Closing the Achievement Gap Report 2003-2004 the accountability of Mississippi Schools past and present is discussed (2004) and Craig Jerald, author of Dispelling the Myth discusses how nationwide high poverty, high minority schools have high achieving students (2001). Both reports will be discussed here. The researcher wanted to know how many high-poverty and high minority schools nationwide have high student performance. The study used the Education Trust Database to identify certain criteria. Over 4500 schools were analyzed. Each meeting the criteria set and performing well above the expectation (2001). Both papers discuss the achievement gap, more importantly they reported the areas of greatest improvement. The Achievement Gap Report (2004) focused on the Mississippi school districts. It gave an accountability report on those school districts that have been struggling, as well as providing a strategic outline to close the gap. Specific schools were used as models of for improving test scores. Dispelling the Myth (Jerald, 2001) focused on school districts nation wide. Although no reasons for poor school performance were given, the author did state that none of the schools were magnet schools. This report showed that most schools with high poverty, high minority students live in urban areas (2001). However, the more recently published Achievement Gap Report (2004) reported that some of the poorest schools are in rural areas. Dispelling the Myth (2001) looked at specific criteria for the study, whereas, the Achievement Gap Report (2004) did not. Both studies failed to look at specific schools and detail specific strategies used in improving the achievement gap. The Mississippi Achievement Gap Report (2004) plan made suggestions on how schools can improve, but a greater detail is needed to truly understand what each school did to improve scores. Model schools or a model program can be established based on greater research. Socioeconomic Influence Literature regarding reading programs was of most interest for this study. Several scientific journals addressed factors of low socioeconomic status and under achievement. The achievement gap found amongst low-income students was addressed in Education: The State We’re In (Donahue & Griggs, 2003). Substantial information was given on the obstacles facing high-poverty youth today. Reading proficiency among elementary school students of low-income families are at a disadvantage (2003). When studying low-income fourth graders, the author found that in 2003, across the nation, only fifteen percent are proficient in reading. The authors also demonstrated that the majority of low-income students read about three grades behind non-poor students (2003). Proficiency differences among races were briefly discussed; Similar disparities exist between white students and students of color; 39% of white 4th graders can read at the proficient level compared to only 12 % of African-American students and 14% of Latinos. Overall, about three in ten fourth graders can read proficiently, and this in itself is cause for concern. (2003) Parental Involvement, Instructional Expenditures, Family Socioeconomic Attributes, and Student Achievement (Okpala, et al, 2001). Parental involvement is a commonly discussed approach to establishing higher student achievement. A study done in North Carolina was based on three factors; (a) Instructional supplies expenditures will affect academic achievement positively; (b) the SES of students in a given school, measured by the percentage of students that participate in free/reduced-price lunch programs, will affect student achievement negatively; and (c) parental involvement that is measured by parental volunteer hours per 100 students will influence student achievement positively. These factors were beneficial in understanding the SES influence on successful reading programs. These factors and the results of this particular study will be investigated further throughout this study. Implementing Change A very brief but informative piece, Evidence from Project Star About Class Size and Student Achievement (Folgers & Breda, 1989) addressed three specific questions to ask oneself when considering changing programs. The three questions were; 1) How effective will the change be? 2) How much will it cost and 3) what are the problems of implementation? (1989) All three of these questions were found to be valuable when assessing existing programs, as well as when considering the necessary factors when looking to improve upon them. The Gallup Poll (1989 Survey) was reported to have an overwhelming approval from parents when asked about reducing class size. The problem with this strategy is that â€Å"reducing class size substantially is very costly† (1989). A widely researched program investigated during this study was the Accelerated Reader Program. One report (Melton, et. al. , 2004) demonstrated the uses and results of the AR program. By definition the Accelerated Readers program is â€Å"†¦a learning information system designed to heighten student interest in literature and to help teacher manage literature-based reading (McKnight, 1992). This study was particularly significant because it was conducted in two Jackson, Mississippi elementary schools. There has been extensive coverage of the AR program. A 2004 study compared the reading achievement growth of fifth graders following a year of participation in the AR program with other fifth graders who did not participate. The results demonstrated that students in the AR program actually scored significantly lower than non-participants. Although many studies show little to no benefits from the AR program, the program has provided a few guidelines; such guidelines include, 1) Engage students in large amount of reading practice with authentic material 2) students should read at their own individual reading level, and 3) student incentives such as ribbons or extra recess improves the odds of a students success. By using computer technology, teachers can use the AR program to assess students reading level and invite and motivate students to read material they find interesting (Vollands, et al. , 1999). Students are given a choice of books suited to their particular reading level. Random multiple choice tests are given to test students’ comprehension of the material. In a National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Dept. of Education) evaluation, AR programs and other computerized reading programs were reviewed (Chenowith, 2001). The lack of research on evaluated programs ability to produce long-term gains in reading achievement caused the National Institute to determine the AR programs did not meet standards (2001). Common complaints of the AR program include, 1) when the program ended, participating students went back to reading less than before participating 2) the AR program limited the choice of books available to a student because certain books that were not accompanied by an AR test were not valid (Chenowith, 2001) and 3) AR encourages children to read for the wrong reasons, for example to win a prize (Carter, 1996). However, as Chenowith (2001) noted, many parents responded to the latter, that it did not matter why students read, as long as they were in fact reading. Topping and Paul (1999) found that with the proper educator training on the AR program, the odds of successful student achievement with the program will improve. Students already in at risk in reading before the AR program will gain positive results when AR is implemented (Vollands, Topping and Evans, 1999). â€Å"Many elementary schools have adopted programs which encourage authentic reading time and aid in the development of reading skills for life (Melton, et al. , 2004). However, little research has been conducted on individual, less costly programs (2004). When studying the effects of the AR program on African American students and white students in Mississippi, black students scored lower (2004). Chapter two – Mississippi schools. (2017, May 20).

Marketing Intelligence Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Intelligence Report - Essay Example They should devise suitable plans and choose appropriate methods in order to gain high quality marketing information to analyse and evaluate. To this end, the process of Marketing Intelligence is essential. This paper will identify appropriate marketing intelligence requirements for business decision-making that are required to design, plan and implement a marketing intelligence programme. This will be done by focusing on how quantitative and qualitative information can be interpreted and coherently presented with the appropriate intelligence that leads to effective marketing and business decisions. The process, quality and outcomes of a marketing intelligence project will be evaluated to substantiate the report. The paper will examine the marketing intelligence issues relative to financial institutions in the UK. The Marketing Concept and Marketing Intelligence Marketing is the procedure through which an organization plans and executes the creation, promotion, pricing and distribution of goods and services to sell and create satisfaction for consumers and to meet organizational objectives. It is thus required for the organization to focus on consumers in order to understand their needs and to make them satisfied in the shortest possible time and in the most efficient ways that prove to be beneficial for both consumers and the organization. This implies that any organization has to get involved in gathering information relative to consumer needs and collect marketing intelligence in order to efficiently meet the given needs. Marketing research is a crucial element of marketing intelligence and helps in improving the management’s decision making process through the availability of timely, specific and authentic information. All decisions taken by the management create specific needs for information without which the pertinent strategi es cannot be developed. In the context of financial institutions in the UK, market intelligence implies the ability of the institution to collect market information in objective and systematic ways and to effectively analyze and interpret the same. This information should be applied in the right context to come up with strategic proposals and action strategies. The application of the information in the right context is the element that differentiates marketing intelligence from market research. It essentially refers to the aspect of information gathering relative to the wider market intelligence processes. A market intelligent financial institution has the ability to ascertain the kind of efficient marketing research tools that are most applicable to resolve its current problems. It implements the most efficient strategies in ensuring outcomes that are reliable and of high quality. Eventually, such institutions are able to incorporate the outcomes of the research to develop efficien t strategies (Kim and Mauborgne, 2004 ). The process of gathering marketing intelligence The process of gathering marketing intelligence for financial institutions is characterized with a gap in terms of tools that enhance their operations. In most cases, the research outcomes are not fully scattered across the entire institution, which prevents them from being effectively included in the business operations. Mostly, marketing research is an isolated effort that does not allow the results to be acted upon effectively. In addressing this issue, it is important to develop a systematic strategy that takes the institution through the complete procedure of marketing activities from designing to implementing and applying. The institution should determine the objectives and

Flight deck system Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Flight deck system - Research Paper Example A cockpit is a small room located in front of an aircraft fuselage that serves as the operating area for the pilot and the co-pilot. It contains the flight instruments and controlling handles for the pilot to easily manipulate the aircraft. This is the area where the pilot and the co- pilot fly the aircraft. In some aircraft, the windows are shielded as a protection from the sun. Usually, windows of cockpits are capable of being opened while on the ground and some have heating elements to melt the ice and avoid fog, therefore clears the view. In retrospect, cockpits only contain few and simple parts including an adjustable seat, windscreens, control columns, rudder pedals, and parking brakes. This system has been used in the present until the development of a standard cockpit emerged. The beginning of autopilot system is designed for the pilot’s use and mainly to lessen the pilot’s workload. The Autopilot Control an artificial (attitude indicator) and directional gyro to operate elevator and rudder but not ailerons because wind dihedral produces the necessary roll stability. In the present day, an autopilot is an ability to take off, straight and level flight, descent, approach and landing except the taxiing. The advantage of autopilot is that it can land by keeping on the center of the runway line. It also helps the pilot by landing in a poor visibility such as in times of fog. Autopilot is controlled by computer software. It reads from the aircraft’s position and controls flight system to guide the aircraft.

British market for chocolate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

British market for chocolate - Essay Example The international as well as the national brand owners of chocolates in Britain are hugely concerned with tailoring their brands for local markets; and to meet the customer needs and desires. The customers in Britain market have a hard time describing their needs and desires regarding their choice and understanding for chocolateThere is just an imagination and desirable understanding to meet their needs by various chocolate brands. But various brands say that they’ve formulated the chocolate to suit the palate of British public which is more used to milk chocolates. Chocolate customers in Britain have started understanding of too much vegetable fat and sugar content in chocolates. Also, various manufacturers in other European countries have always been scathing of British chocolates for containing too little cocoa and too much vegetable fat. And the consumption is also slowing down as health and diet concerns are impacting sales. According to a market analyst Datamonitor the c ustomers now desire for low or â€Å"sugar-free and low carbohydrate products† and now the pace of growth in chocolate consumption is slated down. And the major players in the field – â€Å"Cadbury Schweppes, Masterfoods, and Nestle† have increasingly launched new low carbohydrate and sugar-free products. Customers of chocolate in Britain used to consider it as one of the â€Å"guilty pleasures†. But now it is no more considered so. ... (3) Now one of three British consumers (36%) want chocolates with health benefits and have understood the heath related issues connected to chocolate consumption. As per the European Consumer Survey conducted by Barry Callebaut - 'Predict Fast - Growing Demand for Healthy Chocolate', "38% consumers want chocolate with naturally reduced sugar". They also believe that chocolates can have positive psychological and physical influences on their well being - "6% of British consumers think it to be good for the memory", "23% think these boosts the morale and vitalises(20%) you", "15% think it is good for memory" and 7% consumers think that "it is good for the heart and the cardiovascular system." (4) Brand or Product Positioning of Chocolates in British Market In today's market, brands and their positioning has become the major issue. Brands are now increasingly thought to be powerful weapons to attract consumers and to make them loyal customers. Recently conducted survey by U.K's Centre for Brand Analysis (CBA) in July, 2008 proved a great flight of Green & Black brand and the drop down of many others as Mars which "fell out of the top 100, dropping 117 places to 175". Cadbury slid from 10th position to 19th whereas Lindt and Thornton's both rose up with Thornton's moving to 18th position. And it has been concluded by CBA that the brands which want to remain fighting in the field of chocolate should firmly possess the most valuable asset - the dark chocolate, but fairly sweet and of low sugar for British consumers. Mintel, the analyst stated that, "even though people are still cutting back on the amount of chocolate they eat, sales in the two years to 2007 saw no less than 10 percent increase in

4th Generation Mobile Phones Information Technology Essay

4th Generation Mobile Phones Information Technology Essay ABSTRACT 4G technology is a transition from the earlier technology i.e. 3G technology and it promises to bring some of the revolutionary changes in the mobile world which will be very favorable for the mobile users. Fasters data and IP packet transmissions and a lot of other applications like high quality voice and multimedia in real-time anywhere across the globe are some incontrovertible features of the 4G mobile phones. This switching of the technologies are promised to be accomplished by the end of this commercial year by a number of mobile carriers like VERIZON and ATT. Thus mobile users will be enjoying the best of the mobile phone technology by the end of the year. 4G technology is supposed to be the best because all the flaws that were experienced in the former ones are tried to eliminate in this one to give the best results to the users. FOURTH GENERATION MOBILE PHONES (4G) INTRODUCTION: Since past some decades cell phone world has experienced a considerable amount of transition. This transition initiated from the First generation (1G) mobile phones carried forward by the 2G and 2.5G mobile phones. Nowadays, people are habituated of using the 3G technology. But the technologies and inventions are ever-restless and therefore the cell phone industry is again hopping with a great speed towards the Fourth generation (4G) technology. 4G mobile phone technology is a complete replacement of wireless communication in 3G technology. Like the transition of 2G technology to 3G technology had increased data-transmission speeds, the transition from  3G  technology to 4G technology promises even higher data rates than existed in previous generations and thus considered to be a successor to 2G and 3G standards. 4G promises voice, data and high-quality multimedia in real-time (streamed) form all the time and anywhere (Fendelman, n.d, Para 03). NOMENCLATURE: The fundamental nature of the service is responsible for the typical nomenclature of the cell phone generations. Analogue technology was flipped from first generation to the digital technology in the second generation. Third generation was designed with multimedia support which is now going to flip to the fourth generation where transmission of data and IP packets is faster than the former generations.A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based solution where facilities such as IP telephony, ultra-broadband Internet access, gaming services and streamed multimedia may be provided to users (4G and Beyond 3G Technology, n.d. Para 05). Thus switching to the 4G is like moving from a dial up internet connection to a cable or DSL which can make all the works done fasters and faster than the previous ones. 4G marks the end of the traditional CDMA/GSM divide (German, 2010 March 15, Para 04). TYPES: There are 2 main types of 4G one of which is the Long-term evolution LTE and the other one is mobile WI-MAX. LTE: A natural extension of the current 3G technology is the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) which is also referred as the pre-4G technology. Transmission of all data including voice takes place as LTE is architectural design that can send all types of IP packets and data. For a 20 MHz channel the downlink transmission bit rate of LTE up to 100 Mbps and 50 Mbps in the uplink and the bit rate capacity increases for a  Multiple-input multiple-output  (MIMO)( 4G and Beyond 3G Technology,n.d. Para 05). According to German (2010, March 15) some of the well-known mobile carriers in United States like VERIZON and ATT and several across the globe would convert their network to LTE and worlds first publicly available LTE-service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals  Stockholm  and  Oslo  on the 14 December 2009. VERIZON said that LTE testing in Seattle and Boston has gone well and that it will bring the technology to 25 to 30 markets this year (German, 2010 March 15, Para 06).  Acco rding to the VERIZON, downloading speeds of 40Mbps to 50Mbps and upload speeds of 20Mbps to 25Mbps (German, 2010 March 15, Para 06). However according to Nelson and Pica (2010, March 3) the average speeds will range from 5Mbps to 12Mbps for downloads and 2Mbps to 5Mbps for uploads. In contrast ATT has announced that they will begin LTE testing in this commercial year and launch their network in the upcoming year 2011 (German 2010 March 15, Para 07). LTE is not only being planned to launch by the end of this year in United Stats but also the Telco Mobile One (M1) in Singapore conducted a demo of LTE technical trial. Also NTT Do Como will the first to introduce LTE in Japan this year itself. WI-MAX: WI-MAX is elaborated as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, and unlike LTE it is not an extension of current cellular system rather its more related to current Wi-Fi technology. The initial version for mobile use is based on the 802.16e wireless standard (Wi-Fi is 802.110) (German, 2010 March 15, Para 11). It has potential for very long range transmission (up to 30 miles) and could offer speeds of about 10Mbps (German, 2010 March 15, Para 11).   Where all the majority mobile carriers are interested in using the LTE the only US carrier to adopt the Wi-max technology is SPRINT. SPRINT has a Wi-max network in 27 cities and shows potential average speeds of 3Mbps to 6Mbps with maximum speed up to 10Mbps. FEATURES: The 4G standards were thought to be introduced in order to facilitate users by some of the most incredible features that includes providing flexible channel bandwidth between 5MHz to 20MHz to a maximum extent up to 40 MHz. Also a data rate of at least 100Mbps between any two locations across the globe. It also promises to provide a maximum Link spectral efficiency in downlink up to 15bit/s/Hz and 6.75bit/s/Hz in uplink which means 1000Mbps in downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth. Furthermore the system spectral efficiency for downlink of 3bit/s/Hz/cell and for uplink it is 2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell. Ultimately 4G has all the flaws recovered that were noticeably found in the former standards. SPECIFICATION: ACCESS TECHNIQUES: 4G exhibited increase in efficiency and ability in terms of the access techniques used for it. Plain TDMA i.e. Time division multiple access and FDMA i.e. Frequency division multiple access were used in he 1G technology. But TDMA is less efficient as it is unable to handle high data rate channels. This is because TDMA requires large guard periods to improve the multipath impact. Similarly there were problems with FDMA as it used more bandwidth to avoid inter-carrier interferences. Thus to overcome these problems in the 2G technology one set along with the combination of TDMA and FDMA other set of access scheme was introduced which is known as the CDMA i.e. Carrier division multiple access. Thereby the system capacity was increased but as a drawback placed a soft limit on it rather than the hard limit (i.e. a CDMA network will not reject new clients when it approaches its limits, resulting in a denial of service to all clients when the network overloads) (Rumney M, 2008). Data rate is increased as this access technique is able to manage multiple path channel. This enabled the third generation systems, such as  IS-2000,  UMTS,  HSXPA,  1xEV-DO,  TD-CDMA  and TD-SCDMA, to use CDMA as the access scheme(Rumney M, 2008). Although CDMA technique seems to be good so far yet it suffers from poor spectral flexibility and computationally intensive time domain equalization for wideband channels. More importance is given to the OFDMA i.e.Orthogonal FDMA, IFDMA i.e. Interleaved FDMA, SFDMA i.e. Single carrier FDMA and MFDMA i.e.Multicarrier FDMA because of the troubles in the traditional FDMA, TDMA and CDMA. The later used access schemes are based on efficient FFT (Fast fourier transform) algorithm and frequency domain equalization which would result in lower number of multiplications/s. Also bandwidth can be controlled and a spectrum can be formed in a flexible way. IPv6 SUPPORT: Circuit switched and packet switched networks are the base of the infrastructure of the 3G where as 4G will be based on packet switching only which would require low latency data transmission. Till the time when 4G will be introduced in the market and be a most used device the process of IPv4 address will be exhausted as a result a new version will be essential so that more wireless enabled devices can be supported. So IPv6 is be used to accomplish this task. By increasing the number of  IP addresses, IPv6 removes the need for  Network Address Translation  (NAT), a method of sharing a limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices, although NAT will still be required to communicate with devices that are on existing  IPv4  networks (Morr, D 2009). SOFTWARE-DESIGN RATIO (SDR): SDR  is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA) (Rumney, 2008). The final version out in the market of the 4G device will be a perfect combination of the former standards. This can be realized efficiently using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence (Rumney, 2008). INDISTINGUISHABLE ACCOMPLISHMENTS: The 4G iphone which is going to be launched as soon as possible is promised to multitasking which allows accomplishing one of more iphone applications at the same time and also lets to continue the applications running in the background even if the user makes or takes a call. Verizon is launching the 4G phone six months before the expectation because of some of the incontrovertible features of 4G that lures world towards itself. HTC HD3 and HTC HD2 are going to be 4G phones. CONCLUSION: Last but not the least the advancement in technology i.e. transition from the current 3G and 2.5G to 4G will make a drastic change in context of data transmissions which will be able to carried in some fraction of seconds. It will be definitely proved very helpful to the future generations. REFRENCES: Open wireless open mobile. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://4gmobile.com/ Fendelman, A. (n.d.) Retrieved from  http://cellphones.about.com/od/phoneglossary/g/4g.htm).    Choney, S. (2008, April 15) Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23902615 4G Phones (n.d.) Retrieved from http://fourgphones.com/ German, K (2010, March 15) Retrieved from http://asia.cnet.com/reviews/mobilephones/0,39050603,62061890,00.htm Att (2010, February 18) Retrieved from http://www.att.com/gen/press-room?pid=4800cdvn=newsnewsarticleid=30536 Pica, T Nelson, J (2010, March 8) Retrieved from http://news.vzw.com/news/2010/03/pr2010-03-02b.html Koh, D (2010, March 3) Retrieved from http://asia.cnet.com/crave/2010/03/03/singapore-may-be-ready-for-lte-as-early-as-q2-2011/ 4G. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G 4G and Beyond 3G Technology (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.3g.co.za/content/view/73/33/